The basic idea of both is careful analysis of the seismic reflection process and what can lead to frequency dependent reflectivity. My list of candidates, in likely order of importance, is:
- Interference effects due to closely spaced reflection coefficients
- Processing errors (residual normal moveout, etc.)
- Geological or pore fluid transition zone (Wolf ramp)
- Rough surface scattering
- Porous-Porous reflection physics (Biot contact)